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/*!
    \page sql-driver.html
    \title SQL Database Drivers
    \brief How to configure and install Qt SQL drivers for supported databases.

    The Qt SQL module uses driver \l{How to Create Qt
    Plugins}{plugins} to communicate with the different database
    APIs. Since Qt's SQL Module API is database-independent, all
    database-specific code is contained within these drivers. Several
    drivers are supplied with Qt, and other drivers can be added. The
    driver source code is supplied and can be used as a model for
    \l{#development}{writing your own drivers}.

    \tableofcontents

    \section1 Supported Databases

    The table below lists the drivers included with Qt:

    \table
    \header \li Driver name \li DBMS
    \row \li \l{#QDB2}{QDB2} \li IBM DB2 (version 7.1 and above)
    \row \li \l{#QIBASE}{QIBASE} \li Borland InterBase
    \row \li \l{#QMYSQL}{QMYSQL} \li MySQL
    \row \li \l{#QOCI}{QOCI} \li Oracle Call Interface Driver
    \row \li \l{#QODBC}{QODBC}
         \li Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) - Microsoft SQL Server and other
            ODBC-compliant databases
    \row \li \l{#QPSQL}{QPSQL} \li PostgreSQL (versions 7.3 and above)
    \row \li \l{#QSQLITE2}{QSQLITE2} \li SQLite version 2 \note obsolete since Qt 5.14
    \row \li \l{#QSQLITE}{QSQLITE} \li SQLite version 3
    \row \li \l{#QTDS}{QTDS} \li Sybase Adaptive Server \note obsolete since Qt 4.7
    \endtable

    SQLite is the in-process database system with the best test coverage
    and support on all platforms. Oracle via OCI, PostgreSQL, and MySQL
    through either ODBC or a native driver are well-tested on Windows and
    Linux. The completeness of the support for other systems depends on the
    availability and quality of client libraries.

    \b{Note:} To build a driver plugin you need to have the appropriate
    client library for your Database Management System (DBMS). This provides
    access to the API exposed by the DBMS, and is typically shipped with it.
    Most installation programs also allow you to install "development
    libraries", and these are what you need. These libraries are responsible
    for the low-level communication with the DBMS.

    \note When using Qt under Open Source terms but with a proprietary
    database, verify the client library's license compatibility with
    the LGPL.

    \target building
    \section1 Building the Drivers

    The Qt \c configure script tries to
    automatically detect the available client libraries on your
    machine. Run \c{configure -help} to see what drivers can be
    built. You should get an output similar to this:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 0

    The \c configure script cannot detect the necessary libraries
    and include files if they are not in the standard paths, so it
    may be necessary to specify these paths using the \c *_INCDIR=,
    \c *_LIBDIR=, or \c *_PREFIX= command-line options. For example,
    if your MySQL files are installed in \c /usr/local/mysql (or in
    \c{C:\mysql} on Windows), then pass the following parameter to
    configure: \c MYSQL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql
    (or \c{MYSQL_PREFIX=C:\mysql} for Windows).
    The particulars for each driver are explained below.

    Due to the practicalities of dealing with external dependencies,
    only the SQLite3 plugin is shipped with binary builds of Qt.
    To be able to add additional drivers to the Qt installation
    without re-building all of Qt, it is possible to configure
    and build the \c qtbase/src/plugins/sqldrivers directory outside
    of a full Qt build directory. Note that it is not possible to
    \e configure each driver separately, only all of them at once.
    Drivers can be \e built separately, though.
    If the Qt build is configured with \c{-prefix}, it is necessary to
    install the plugins after building them, too. For example:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 4

    \section1 Driver Specifics

    \target QMYSQL
    \section2 QMYSQL for MySQL 4 and higher

    \section3 QMYSQL Stored Procedure Support

    MySQL 5 introduces stored procedure support at the SQL level, but no
    API to control IN, OUT, and INOUT parameters. Therefore, parameters
    have to be set and read using SQL commands instead of QSqlQuery::bindValue().

    Example stored procedure:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 1

    Source code to access the OUT values:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 2

    \b{Note:} \c{@outval1} and \c{@outval2} are variables local to the current
    connection and will not be affected by queries sent from another host
    or connection.

    \section3 Embedded MySQL Server

    The MySQL embedded server is a drop-in replacement for the normal
    client library. With the embedded MySQL server, a MySQL server is
    not required to use MySQL functionality.

    To use the embedded MySQL server, simply link the Qt plugin to \c
    libmysqld instead of \c libmysqlclient. This can be done by adding
    \c MYSQL_LIBS=-lmysqld to the configure command line.

    Please refer to the MySQL documentation, chapter "libmysqld, the Embedded
    MySQL Server Library" for more information about the MySQL embedded server.

    \section3 How to Build the QMYSQL Plugin on Unix and \macos

    You need the MySQL header files, as well as the shared library
    \c{libmysqlclient.so}. Depending on your Linux distribution, you may
    need to install a package which is usually called "mysql-devel".

    Tell \l qmake where to find the MySQL header files and shared
    libraries (here it is assumed that MySQL is installed in
    \c{/usr/local}) and run \c{make}:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 3

    \section3 How to Build the QMYSQL Plugin on Windows

    You need to get the MySQL installation files. Run \c SETUP.EXE and
    choose "Custom Install". Install the "Libs & Include Files" Module.
    Build the plugin as follows (here it is assumed that MySQL is
    installed in \c{C:\MySQL}):

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 5

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake with \c
    mingw32-make in the line above.

    \target QOCI
    \section2 QOCI for the Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

    The Qt OCI plugin supports Oracle 9i, 10g and higher. After
    connecting to the Oracle server, the plugin will auto-detect the
    database version and enable features accordingly.

    It's possible to connect to a Oracle database without a tnsnames.ora file.
    This requires that the database SID is passed to the driver as the database
    name, and that a hostname is given.

    \section3 OCI User Authentication

    The Qt OCI plugin supports authentication using
    external credentials (OCI_CRED_EXT). Usually, this means that the database
    server will use the user authentication provided by the operating system
    instead of its own authentication mechanism.

    Leave the username and password empty when opening a connection with
    QSqlDatabase to use the external credentials authentication.

    \section3 OCI BLOB/LOB Support

    Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) can be read and written, but be aware
    that this process may require a lot of memory. You should use a forward
    only query to select LOB fields (see QSqlQuery::setForwardOnly()).

    Inserting BLOBs should be done using either a prepared query where the
    BLOBs are bound to placeholders or QSqlTableModel, which uses a prepared
    query to do this internally.

    \section3 How to Build the OCI Plugin on Unix and \macos

    For Oracle 10g, all you need is the "Instant Client Package - Basic" and
    "Instant Client Package - SDK". For Oracle prior to 10g, you require
    the standard Oracle client and the SDK packages.

    Oracle library files required to build the driver:

    \list
    \li \c libclntsh.so (all versions)
    \li \c libwtc9.so (only Oracle 9)
    \endlist

    Tell \c qmake where to find the Oracle header files and shared
    libraries and run make:

    For Oracle version 9:
    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 6

    For Oracle version 10, we assume that you installed the RPM packages of the
    Instant Client Package SDK (you need to adjust the version number accordingly):
    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 7

    \b{Note:} If you are using the Oracle Instant Client package,
    you will need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH when building the OCI SQL plugin,
    and when running an application that uses the OCI SQL plugin. You can
    avoid this requirement by setting RPATH, and listing all of the
    libraries to link to. Here is an example:
    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 32

    If you wish to build the OCI plugin manually with this method, the procedure looks like this:
    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 33

    \section3 How to Build the OCI Plugin on Windows

    Choosing the option "Programmer" in the Oracle Client Installer from
    the Oracle Client Installation CD is generally sufficient to build the
    plugin.  For some versions of Oracle Client, you may also need to select
    the "Call Interface (OCI)" option if it is available.

    Build the plugin as follows (here it is assumed that Oracle Client is
    installed in \c{C:\oracle}):

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 8

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake with \c
    mingw32-make in the line above.

    When you run your application, you will also need to add the \c oci.dll
    path to your \c PATH environment variable:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 9

    \target QODBC
    \section2 QODBC for Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)

    ODBC is a general interface that allows you to connect to multiple
    DBMSs using a common interface. The QODBC driver allows you to connect
    to an ODBC driver manager and access the available data sources. Note
    that you also need to install and configure ODBC drivers for the ODBC
    driver manager that is installed on your system. The QODBC plugin
    then allows you to use these data sources in your Qt applications.

    \b{Note:} You should use the native driver, if it is available, instead
    of the ODBC driver. ODBC support can be used as a fallback for compliant
    databases if no native driver is available.

    On Windows, an ODBC driver manager should be installed by default.
    For Unix systems, there are some implementations which must be
    installed first. Note that every end user of your application is
    required to have an ODBC driver manager installed, otherwise the
    QODBC plugin will not work.

    When connecting to an ODBC datasource, you should pass the name
    of the ODBC datasource to the QSqlDatabase::setDatabaseName()
    function, rather than the actual database name.

    The QODBC Plugin needs an ODBC compliant driver manager version 2.0 or
    later. Some ODBC drivers claim to be version-2.0-compliant,
    but do not offer all the necessary functionality. The QODBC plugin
    therefore checks whether the data source can be used after a
    connection has been established, and refuses to work if the check
    fails. If you do not like this behavior, you can remove the \c{#define
    ODBC_CHECK_DRIVER} line from the file \c{qsql_odbc.cpp}. Do this at
    your own risk!

    By default, Qt instructs the ODBC driver to behave as an ODBC 2.x
    driver. However, for some \e{driver-manager/ODBC 3.x-driver}
    combinations (e.g., \e{unixODBC/MaxDB ODBC}), telling the ODBC
    driver to behave as a 2.x driver can cause the driver plugin to
    have unexpected behavior. To avoid this problem, instruct the ODBC
    driver to behave as a 3.x driver by
    \l{QSqlDatabase::setConnectOptions()} {setting the connect option}
    \c{"SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION=SQL_OV_ODBC3"} before you
    \l{QSqlDatabase::open()} {open your database connection}. Note
    that this will affect multiple aspects of ODBC driver behavior,
    e.g., the SQLSTATEs.  Before setting this connect option, consult
    your ODBC documentation about behavior differences you can expect.

    When using the SAP HANA database, the connection has to be
    established using the option "SCROLLABLERESULT=TRUE", as the
    HANA ODBC driver does not provide scrollable results by default, e.g.:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 39

    If you experience very slow access of the ODBC datasource, make sure
    that ODBC call tracing is turned off in the ODBC datasource manager.

    Some drivers do not support scrollable cursors. In that case, only
    queries in forwardOnly mode can be used successfully.

    \section3 ODBC Stored Procedure Support

    With Microsoft SQL Server the result set returned by a stored
    procedure that uses the return statement, or returns multiple result
    sets, will be accessible only if you set the query's forward only
    mode to \e forward using \l QSqlQuery::setForwardOnly().

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 10

    \b{Note:} The value returned by the stored procedure's return statement
    is discarded.

    \section3 ODBC Unicode Support

    The QODBC Plugin will use the Unicode API if UNICODE is defined. On
    Windows NT based systems, this is the default. Note that the ODBC
    driver and the DBMS must also support Unicode.

    Some driver managers and drivers do not support UNICODE. To use the
    QODBC plugin with such drivers, it has to be compiled with
    Q_ODBC_VERSION_2 defined.

    For the Oracle 9 ODBC driver (Windows), it is necessary to check
    "SQL_WCHAR support" in the ODBC driver manager otherwise Oracle
    will convert all Unicode strings to local 8-bit.

    \section3 How to Build the ODBC Plugin on Unix and \macos

    It is recommended that you use unixODBC. You can find the latest
    version and ODBC drivers at \l http://www.unixodbc.org.
    You need the unixODBC header files and shared libraries.

    Tell \c qmake where to find the unixODBC header files and shared
    libraries (here it is assumed that unixODBC is installed in
    \c{/usr/local/unixODBC}) and run \c{make}:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 11

    \section3 How to Build the ODBC Plugin on Windows

    The ODBC header and include files should already be installed in the
    right directories. You just have to build the plugin as follows:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 12

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake with \c
    mingw32-make in the line above.

    \target QPSQL
    \section2 QPSQL for PostgreSQL (Version 7.3 and Above)

    The QPSQL driver supports version 7.3 and higher of the PostgreSQL server.

    For more information about PostgreSQL visit \l http://www.postgresql.org.

    \section3 QPSQL Unicode Support

    The QPSQL driver automatically detects whether the PostgreSQL
    database you are connecting to supports Unicode or not. Unicode is
    automatically used if the server supports it. Note that the driver
    only supports the UTF-8 encoding. If your database uses any other
    encoding, the server must be compiled with Unicode conversion
    support.

    Unicode support was introduced in PostgreSQL version 7.1 and it will
    only work if both the server and the client library have been compiled
    with multibyte support. More information about how to set up a
    multibyte enabled PostgreSQL server can be found in the PostgreSQL
    Administrator Guide, Chapter 5.

    \section3 QPSQL Case Sensitivity

    PostgreSQL databases will only respect case sensitivity if the table or field
    name is quoted when the table is created. So for example, a SQL query such
    as:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 39

    will ensure that it can be accessed with the same case that was used. If the
    table or field name is not quoted when created, the actual table name
    or field name will be lower-case. When QSqlDatabase::record() or
    QSqlDatabase::primaryIndex() access a table or field that was unquoted
    when created, the name passed to the function must be lower-case to
    ensure it is found. For example:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 40

    \section3 QPSQL BLOB Support

    Binary Large Objects are supported through the \c BYTEA field type in
    PostgreSQL server versions >= 7.1.

    \section3 QPSQL Forward-only query support

    To use forward-only queries, you must build the QPSQL plugin with
    PostreSQL client library version 9.2 or later. If the plugin is
    built with an older version, then forward-only mode will not be
    available - calling QSqlQuery::setForwardOnly() with \c true will
    have no effect.

    \warning If you build the QPSQL plugin with PostgreSQL version 9.2 or later,
    then you must distribute your application with libpq version 9.2 or later.
    Otherwise, loading the QPSQL plugin will fail with the following message:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 35

    While navigating the results in forward-only mode, the handle of
    QSqlResult may change. Applications that use the low-level handle of
    SQL result must get a new handle after each call to any of QSqlResult
    fetch functions. Example:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 36

    While reading the results of a forward-only query with PostgreSQL,
    the database connection cannot be used to execute other queries.
    This is a limitation of libpq library. Example:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 37

    This problem will not occur if query1 and query2 use different
    database connections, or if we execute query2 after the while loop.

    \note Some methods of QSqlDatabase like tables(), primaryIndex()
    implicity execute SQL queries, so these also cannot be used while
    navigating the results of forward-only query.

    \note QPSQL will print the following warning if it detects a loss of
    query results:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 38

    \section3 How to Build the QPSQL Plugin on Unix and \macos

    You need the PostgreSQL client library and headers installed.

    To make \c qmake find the PostgreSQL header files and shared
    libraries, run \c qmake the following way (assuming that the
    PostgreSQL client is installed in \c{/usr}):

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 13

    \section3 How to Build the QPSQL Plugin on Windows

    Install the appropriate PostgreSQL developer libraries for your
    compiler. Assuming that PostgreSQL was installed in \c{C:\psql},
    build the plugin as follows:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 15

    Users of MinGW may wish to consult the following online document:
    \l{http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/installation-platform-notes.html#INSTALLATION-NOTES-MINGW}{PostgreSQL MinGW/Native Windows}.

    \target QTDS
    \section2 QTDS for Sybase Adaptive Server

    \note TDS is no longer used by MS Sql Server, and is superseded by
    \l{QODBC}{ODBC}. QTDS is obsolete from Qt 4.7.

    It is not possible to set the port with QSqlDatabase::setPort() due to limitations in the
    Sybase client library. Refer to the Sybase documentation for information on how to set up
    a Sybase client configuration file to enable connections to databases on non-default ports.

    \section3 How to Build the QTDS Plugin on Unix and \macos

    Under Unix, two libraries are available which support the TDS protocol:

    \list
    \li FreeTDS, a free implementation of the TDS protocol
      (\l{http://www.freetds.org}).

    \li Sybase Open Client, available from \l{https://support.sap.com}.
    \endlist

    Regardless of which library you use, the shared object file
    \c{libsybdb.so} is needed. Set the \c SYBASE environment variable to
    point to the directory where you installed the client library and
    execute \c{qmake}:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 16

    \section3 How to Build the QDTS Plugin on Windows

    You can either use the DB-Library supplied by Microsoft or the Sybase
    Open Client (\l{https://support.sap.com}). Configure will try to find
    NTWDBLIB.LIB to build the plugin:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 17

    By default, the Microsoft library is used on Windows. If you want to
    force the use of the Sybase Open Client, you must define \c
    Q_USE_SYBASE in \c{%QTDIR%\qtbase\src\plugins\sqldrivers\tds\qsql_tds.cpp}.

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake
    with \c mingw32-make in the line above.

    \target QDB2
    \section2 QDB2 for IBM DB2 (Version 7.1 and Above)

    The Qt DB2 plugin makes it possible to access IBM DB2 databases. It
    has been tested with IBM DB2 v7.1 and 7.2. You must install the IBM
    DB2 development client library, which contains the header and library
    files necessary for compiling the QDB2 plugin.

    The QDB2 driver supports prepared queries, reading/writing of Unicode
    strings and reading/writing of BLOBs.

    We suggest using a forward-only query when calling stored procedures
    in DB2 (see QSqlQuery::setForwardOnly()).

    \section3 How to Build the QDB2 Plugin on Unix and \macos

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 18

    \section3 How to Build the QDB2 Plugin on Windows

    The DB2 header and include files should already be installed in the
    right directories. You just have to build the plugin as follows:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 20

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake
    with \c mingw32-make in the line above.

    \target QSQLITE2
    \section2 QSQLITE2 for SQLite Version 2

    The Qt SQLite 2 plugin is offered for compatibility. Whenever
    possible, use the \l{#QSQLITE}{version 3 plugin} instead. The
    build instructions for version 3 apply to version 2 as well.

    \target QSQLITE
    \section2 QSQLITE for SQLite (Version 3 and Above)

    The Qt SQLite plugin makes it possible to access SQLite
    databases. SQLite is an in-process database, which means that it
    is not necessary to have a database server. SQLite operates on a
    single file, which must be set as the database name when opening
    a connection. If the file does not exist, SQLite will try to
    create it. SQLite also supports in-memory and temporary databases. Simply
    pass respectively ":memory:" or an empty string as the database name.

    SQLite has some restrictions regarding multiple users and
    multiple transactions. If you try to read/write on a resource from different
    transactions, your application might freeze until one transaction commits
    or rolls back. The Qt SQLite driver will retry to write to a locked resource
    until it runs into a timeout (see \c{QSQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT}
    at QSqlDatabase::setConnectOptions()).

    In SQLite any column, with the exception of an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column,
    may be used to store any type of value. For instance, a column declared as
    INTEGER may contain an integer value in one row and a text value in the
    next. This is due to SQLite associating the type of a value with the value
    itself rather than with the column it is stored in. A consequence of this
    is that the type returned by QSqlField::type() only indicates the field's
    recommended type. No assumption of the actual type should be made from
    this and the type of the individual values should be checked.

    The driver is locked for updates while a select is executed. This
    may cause problems when using QSqlTableModel because Qt's item views
    fetch data as needed (with QSqlQuery::fetchMore() in the case of
    QSqlTableModel).

    You can find information about SQLite on \l{http://www.sqlite.org}.

    \section3 How to Build the QSQLITE Plugin

    SQLite version 3 is included as a third-party library within Qt.
    It can be built by passing the \c{-qt-sqlite} parameter to the
    configure script.

    If you do not want to use the SQLite library included with Qt, you
    can pass \c{-system-sqlite} to the configure script to use the SQLite
    libraries of the operating system. This is recommended whenever possible,
    as it reduces the installation size and removes one component for which
    you need to track security advisories.

    On Unix and \macos (replace \c $SQLITE with the directory where
    SQLite resides):

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 21

    On Windows:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 23

    \section3 Enable REGEXP operator

    SQLite comes with a REGEXP operation. However the needed implementation must
    be provided by the user. For convenience a default implementation can be
    enabled by \l{QSqlDatabase::setConnectOptions()} {setting the connect
    option} \c{QSQLITE_ENABLE_REGEXP} before \l{QSqlDatabase::open()} {the
    database connection is opened}. Then a SQL statement like "column REGEXP
    'pattern'" basically expands to the Qt code

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 34

    For better performance the regular expressions are cached internally. By
    default the cache size is 25, but it can be changed through the option's
    value. For example passing "\c{QSQLITE_ENABLE_REGEXP=10}" reduces the
    cache size to 10.

    \section3 QSQLITE File Format Compatibility

    SQLite minor releases sometimes break file format forward compatibility.
    For example, SQLite 3.3 can read database files created with SQLite 3.2,
    but databases created with SQLite 3.3 cannot be read by SQLite 3.2.
    Please refer to the SQLite documentation and change logs for information about
    file format compatibility between versions.

    Qt minor releases usually follow the SQLite minor releases, while Qt patch releases
    follow SQLite patch releases. Patch releases are therefore both backward and forward
    compatible.

    To force SQLite to use a specific file format, it is necessary to build and
    ship your own database plugin with your own SQLite library as illustrated above.
    Some versions of SQLite can be forced to write a specific file format by setting
    the \c{SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT} define when building SQLite.

    \target QIBASE
    \section2 QIBASE for Borland InterBase

    The Qt InterBase plugin makes it possible to access the InterBase and
    Firebird databases. InterBase can either be used as a client/server or
    without a server in which case it operates on local files. The
    database file must exist before a connection can be established. Firebird
    must be used with a server configuration.

    Note that InterBase requires you to specify the full path to the
    database file, no matter whether it is stored locally or on another
    server.

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 24

    You need the InterBase/Firebird development headers and libraries
    to build this plugin.

    Due to license incompatibilities with the GPL, users of the Qt Open Source
    Edition are not allowed to link this plugin to the commercial editions of
    InterBase. Please use Firebird or the free edition of InterBase.

    \section3 QIBASE Unicode Support and Text Encoding

    By default the driver connects to the database using UNICODE_FSS. This can
    be overridden by setting the ISC_DPB_LC_CTYPE parameter with
    QSqlDatabase::setConnectOptions() before opening the connection.

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 25

    If Qt does not support the given text encoding the driver will issue a
    warning message and connect to the database using UNICODE_FSS.

    Note that if the text encoding set when connecting to the database is
    not the same as in the database, problems with transliteration might arise.

    \section3 QIBASE Stored procedures

    InterBase/Firebird return OUT values as result set, so when calling stored
    procedure, only IN values need to be bound via QSqlQuery::bindValue(). The
    RETURN/OUT values can be retrieved via QSqlQuery::value(). Example:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.cpp 26

    \section3 How to Build the QIBASE Plugin on Unix and \macos

    The following assumes InterBase or Firebird is installed in
    \c{/opt/interbase}:

    If you are using InterBase:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 27

    If you are using Firebird, the Firebird library has to be set explicitly:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 28

    \section3 How to Build the QIBASE Plugin on Windows

    The following assumes InterBase or Firebird is installed in
    \c{C:\interbase}:

    If you are using InterBase:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 29

    If you are using Firebird, the Firebird library has to be set explicitly:

    \snippet code/doc_src_sql-driver.qdoc 30

    If you are not using a Microsoft compiler, replace \c nmake
    with \c mingw32-make in the line above.

    Note that \c{C:\interbase\bin} must be in the \c PATH.

    \target troubleshooting
    \section1 Troubleshooting

    You should always use client libraries that have been compiled with
    the same compiler as you are using for your project. If you cannot get
    a source distibution to compile the client libraries yourself, you
    must make sure that the pre-compiled library is compatible with
    your compiler, otherwise you will get a lot of "undefined symbols"
    errors. Some compilers have tools to convert libraries, e.g. Borland
    ships the tool \c{COFF2OMF.EXE} to convert libraries that have been
    generated with Microsoft Visual C++.

    If the compilation of a plugin succeeds but it cannot be loaded,
    make sure that the following requirements are met:

    \list
    \li Ensure that the plugin is in the correct directory. You can use
        QApplication::libraryPaths() to determine where Qt looks for plugins.
    \li Ensure that the client libraries of the DBMS are available on the
        system. On Unix, run the command \c{ldd} and pass the name of the
        plugin as parameter, for example \c{ldd libqsqlmysql.so}. You will
        get a warning if any of the client libraries could not be found.
        On Windows, you can use Visual Studio's dependency walker. With
        Qt Creator, you can update the \c PATH environment variable in the
        \gui Run section of the \gui Project panel to include the path to
        the folder containing the client libraries.
    \li Compile Qt with \c{QT_DEBUG_COMPONENT} defined to get very verbose
        debug output when loading plugins.
    \endlist

    Make sure you have followed the guide to \l{Deploying Plugins}.

    \target development
    \section1 How to Write Your Own Database Driver

    QSqlDatabase is responsible for loading and managing database driver
    plugins. When a database is added (see QSqlDatabase::addDatabase()),
    the appropriate driver plugin is loaded (using QSqlDriverPlugin).
    QSqlDatabase relies on the driver plugin to provide interfaces for
    QSqlDriver and QSqlResult.

    QSqlDriver is an abstract base class which defines the functionality
    of a SQL database driver. This includes functions such as
    QSqlDriver::open() and QSqlDriver::close(). QSqlDriver is responsible
    for connecting to a database, establish the proper environment, etc.
    In addition, QSqlDriver can create QSqlQuery objects appropriate for
    the particular database API. QSqlDatabase forwards many of its
    function calls directly to QSqlDriver which provides the concrete
    implementation.

    QSqlResult is an abstract base class which defines the functionality
    of a SQL database query. This includes statements such as \c{SELECT},
    \c{UPDATE}, and \c{ALTER} \c{TABLE}. QSqlResult contains functions
    such as QSqlResult::next() and QSqlResult::value(). QSqlResult is
    responsible for sending queries to the database, returning result
    data, etc. QSqlQuery forwards many of its function calls directly to
    QSqlResult which provides the concrete implementation.

    QSqlDriver and QSqlResult are closely connected. When implementing a
    Qt SQL driver, both of these classes must to be subclassed and the
    abstract virtual methods in each class must be implemented.

    To implement a Qt SQL driver as a plugin (so that it is
    recognized and loaded by the Qt library at runtime), the driver
    must use the Q_PLUGIN_METADATA() macro. Read \l{How to Create Qt
    Plugins} for more information on this. You can also check out how
    this is done in the SQL plugins that are provided with Qt in
    \c{QTDIR/qtbase/src/plugins/sqldrivers}.

    The following code can be used as a skeleton for a SQL driver:

    \snippet sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 47
    \codeline
    \snippet sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 48
*/
